Liberation of Woman Essay - 1317 Words

The Liberation of Woman The terms Liberated Women and Womens Liberation are not necessarily synonymous. In fact, much like the chicken and the egg, one may wonder which came first. While the term Liberated Women was probably not a widely used phrase until the height of the womens liberation movement, I maintain that liberated women emerged first. Moreover, it was the liberated women who inspired and initiated the womens liberation movement. In The Politics of Housework Pat Mainardi writes, Liberated women - very different from womens liberation! The first signals all kids of goodies, to warm the hearts (not to mention other parts) of the most radical men. The other signals - housework (Bloom†¦show more content†¦One fig was a husband and a happy home and children, and another fig was a brilliant professor, and another fig was Ee Gee, the amazing editor, ... and another fig was an Olympic lady crew champion, and beyond and above these were many more figs I couldnt quite make out. I saw myself sitting in the crotch of this fig tree, starving to death, just because I couldnt make up my mind which of the figs I would choose. I wanted each and every one of them, but choosing one meant losing all the rest, and, as I sat there, unable to decide, the figs began to wrinkle and go black, and, one by one, they plopped to the ground at my feet. (Plath 62-3) The helplessness and confusion Esther feels no doubt stems from the pressure to resign herself to the role of perfect housewife and to be completely satisfied with that role, as many women of the era seemed to be. However, Esther believes that she is worthy of much more, and she is right. She would have fit in well with the women of the new millennium who strive to have it all, though the fight is not easy for them either. Liberated women also wanted their sexual independence. They were tired of the double standard that existed in the bedroom. It was acceptable for a man to have sexual experience before marriage, but a woman mustShow MoreRelatedLiberation And The Africana Woman1406 Words   |  6 Pages LIBERATION AND THE AFRICANA WOMAN Amijah C. Townsend-Holmes African Diaspora and the World (ADW 112) Professor J. Canty March 17th, 2016 Spring 2016 atownse5@scmail.spelman.edu Paulo Freire’s beliefs concerning liberation and notions of oppression absolutely align with one another and tell a story that starts with enslavement that still relates to today. In Freire’s writings, he does not hesitate to highlight the white power establishment, and the black survival struggleRead More Plaths The Bell Jar -The Liberated Woman Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesPlaths The Bell Jar -The Liberated Woman      Ã‚   I tried to imagine what it would be like if Constantin were my husband.    It would mean getting up at seven and cooking him eggs and bacon and toast and coffee and dawdling about in my nightgown and curlers after hed left for work to wash up the dirty plates and make the bed, and then when he came home after a lively, fascinating day hed expect a big dinner, and Id spend the evening washing up even more dirty plates till I fellRead MoreThe Myth Of Woman By Simone De Beauvoir922 Words   |  4 Pagesthemselves. The myth of woman is the idea that women are inherently different than men. Man believes that he posits himself first, and then posits others. In the myth of woman, men see women as others that are incapable of positing themselves. The reality is that women are the same as men in an existential sense. They are both subjects, who posit themselves before they posit others. Man uses the myth of woman to subjugate women and treat them as lesser, as â€Å"[the myth of woman] justifies all privilegesRead MoreEssay about Liberated Women vs. Womens Liberation1363 Words   |  6 PagesLiberated Women vs. Womens Liberation      Ã‚   The idealized American housewife of the 60s radiated happiness, freed by science and labor-saving appliances from the drudgery, the dangers of childbirth and the illnesses of her grandmother...healthy, beautiful, educated, concerned only about her husband, her children, her home, wrote Betty Friedan in The Problem That Has No Name (463). Women were portrayed as being freed, yet it was from this mold that liberated women attempted to freeRead MoreAnalyzing Black Liberation Theology, Latin American Liberation Theology, and Feminist Theology1371 Words   |  6 PagesLiberation Theology Black Liberation Theology, Latin American Liberation Theology, and Feminist Theology Liberation theology comprises of two main principles: it recognizes the call for liberation from any form of oppression economic, political, and social: second, it says that theology must grow from the basic Christian communities and not from above. Liberation theology examines the theological meaning of human activities, which includes an explanation of the Christian faith out of sufferingRead MoreBell Hooks And The Feminist Movement872 Words   |  4 Pagesschool she received her bachelor’s degree from stanford university and her master’s degree from UC Santa Cruz. She experienced racial and sexual discrimination throughout her life, and when she was in college, Bell Hooks was exposed to the women’s liberation movement; a feminist movement from the 1970’s that fought for issues that affected women. This movement gave her an outlet to express her ideas about feminism. Bell Hooks fought for women’s rights through literature and created a more inclu siveRead MoreFeminism As A Black Woman774 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent to every woman. What feminism means to Beyoncà © may be different from what it means to Bell Hooks. In Feminism is for Everybody, Hooks defines feminism as, â€Å"a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression.† Beyoncà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s feminism may be personal to her but the narratives she depicts in Lemonade resonate with her fans. Through the lenses of Hooks, I will examine the lyrics and images of Beyoncà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Lemonade by comparing their views on marriage, political liberation, and double standardsRead MoreLiberation Ideology Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagesthat all individuals are free and equal. Liberation ideology strives to eliminate external and internal oppression of particular groups in both a formal and informal method in our legal system and society. This ideology believes in the freedom and equality of the individual. Similar to welfare liberalism, strong government in teraction is necessary to eliminate oppression in the legal system. In our current bipartisan ideological government system, liberation ideology continues to face oppressionRead MoreSimone De Beauvoir And Frantz Fanon And The Oppression Of Women1649 Words   |  7 Pages With the view of the minority so firmly permeating society’s mind, the voice of the minority falls to the wayside. Simone de Beauvoir, Frantz Fanon, and Michel Foucault all seek to establish a voice for the minority, and a path to freedom and liberation from the dominance of the normalized majority. In her work â€Å"The Second Sex.† De Beauvoir tackles the oppression of women. While not a minority, women are written out of society by a more dominant male society, and experience oppression like thatRead MoreBlack Women And The Black Men1345 Words   |  6 Pageshave a long feminist tradition dating back to 19th-century activists such as Maria W. Stewart and Sojourner Truth, but their struggles ar e a tale of two fights. To be a black woman seeking liberation, one had to fight racial inequality and sexual inequality at the same time. Black women who were involved in the Black Liberation Movement were discriminated against sexually by black men who were oppressed by whites and felt they had to adopt patriarchal roles. Black women in the Women s Movement faced

Organic vs. Conventional Farming Essay - 1625 Words

Organic farming is becoming an increasingly popular market throughout the world. (Adam, 2004, p. 666). The aims of organic farming are, to decrease pollution, maintain soil fertility and biodiversity, be more sustainable, and have increased nutritional benefits than conventionally grown foods (Yaping et. al., 2003, p. 298). While the aim of conventional farming is to provide safe, proficient supplies of food, in abundance and at low prices (Trewavas, 2001, p.409). Since 1996, the amount of land in the UK dedicated to organic farming has risen tenfold (Adam, 2004, p. 666). As well, from 1992 to 1997, the amount of certified organic cropland in the US more than doubled (Tafel et al, 2007, p.182 ). The main difference between organic and†¦show more content†¦(Trewavas, 2001, p.409). This evidence shows that the use of the synthetic pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides, is beneficial from a food safety point of view, as they decrease the possibility of getting ill from the c onsumption of this food. Therefore, conventionally grown food is safer than organically grown food, which does not use these chemicals. One concern about pesticides and herbicide usage is the amount of residues left on the end product of crops sprayed with the chemicals, and their effects on human health. (Williamson, 2007, p. 184). However, these effects are closely tested and levels are strictly regulated to ensure there is no danger from possible pesticide residues. Since 1910, many rules, regulations, and agencies have been formed to monitor the safety of the pesticides and herbicides used in conventional farming. These chemicals must meet specific safety standards in order to be registered for use, and regulations on levels of each product safe for use are also put in place. (Tafel et al.,2007, p.184). All pesticides are rigorously examined to ensure they have no significant effects on human health, or the environment. The residues in the food chain are closely monitored, and regularly tested, to ensure they are below legal limits. In a recent survey of residuesShow MoreRelatedOrganic Vs. Conventional Farming136 4 Words   |  6 PagesOrganic farming, a new and upcoming industry is booming, however people are beginning to scrutinize the price of organic and naturally grown food and the validity of it’s value to health. Consumers paying the lofty price for their organic food contend it is saving them trips to the doctor and protecting them from the countless stacks of future hospital bills with regard to poor health. Consequently, to all the other people still buying into the cancer causing products produced by conventional farmingRead MoreOrganic vs. Conventional Farming: An Anthology757 Words   |  3 PagesAgri-intellectuals. Retrieved March 28, 2012, from http://www.american.com/archive/2009/july/the-omnivore2019s-delusion-against-the-agri-intellectuals In this paper, Blake Hurst answers critics of industrial farming citing various contentious issues regarding the heated debate on industrial farming. The paper makes claims that most Corn,  livestock and poultry produced in the United States of America is done organically. In addition, he exonerates the farmer from blame in the use of fossil fuel in foodRead MoreOrganic Foods And Farming Vs. Conventional Foods1902 Words   |  8 Pages Over the last few years, awareness of organic food has risen. Due to this, the demand for organic food is a factor which is influencing the farmers to switch to use this technique, and it is being sold in specialty stores and conventional supermarkets. Organic products contain numerous marketing claims that it is healthier, it offers more value, and the farming is more environmentally friendly than traditional foods, so, how does one determine if organic is the way to go? Some argue that thereRead MoreOrganic Farming Practices ( Non Organic )1702 Words   |  7 PagesHigh School Table of Contents Page 2: Table of Contents Page 3: Abstract Page 4: Organic Farming Practices Page 5: Conventional Farming Practices (Non Organic) Page 8: Conclusion Page 10: Citation Abstract Centuries ago, ancient civilizations learned how to take plants that they found flourishing in nearby areas and grow them conveniently for their own use. The advancement of technology, and the evolution of farming practices has created a great variance from the simplistic idea of putting a seedRead MoreWhy Organic Farming Is Capable Of Sustaining The Global Population891 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Components 1. Discuss the â€Å"problem statement,† (what is the issue we are addressing?) - The â€Å"problem statement† to these three articles is to see if organic farming is capable of sustaining the global population by weighing the pros and cons of organic vs conventional farming. 2. Who are the authors and what are their qualifications? - First author, DiGregori has neither expertise or credential; he is a phD in Economics and does not have any experience dealing with agronomy nor didRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Organic Farming1035 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is better organic farming or conventional farming? This is a question that all farmers face. Each type of farming as its own benefits and disadvantages. Organic farming and conventional farming are different in many different ways. I know farmers from both sides. I know farmers who practice organic farming and I also know farmers who practice conventional farming as well as some farmers who use a combination of the two types of farming. But I have never really know all of the differences betweenRead MoreThe Effects Of Pesticides On Organic Farming1653 Words   |  7 PagesHumans initially began farming organically when European farmers noticed a decrease in soil quality and crop health due to the use of chemical fertilizers (â€Å"Pesticides in Or ganic†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1). This drop in soil quality left the farmers no other choice but to cease the use of chemical fertilizers and begin implementing less harmful supplements in order to improve crop quality (â€Å"An Oral History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). This less invasive method of farming, otherwise known as organic farming, takes into account â€Å"the medium andRead MoreSustainability Vs. Conventional Farming1299 Words   |  6 Pagessite-specific application. (Gold) The sales of organics are at an all time high, but the concern is that consumers do not know the true facts behind organic farming. Oftentimes, organics are said to be sustainable and are better for the public than conventional farming, but that is not true. Organic farming is not sustainable. This is proven by giving the true meaning of sustainability vs. conventional farming, stating the regulations behind organic farming, and use the two to show how all of this affectsRead MoreEveryone Should Buy Organic Food.1228 Words   |  5 PagesPERSUASIVE SPPECH PREPARATION OUTLINE Title: | Everyone should buy organic food | General purpose: | To persuade | Specific purpose: | To persuade my audience to buy organic food | Central idea: | Organic food is the best food for consumers instead of conventional food | Organizational pattern: | Problem, problem, problem | I. INTRODUCTION | A. Open with impact/ Attention getter: | Let’s imagine. One day you are in a supermarket and you decided to buy vegetables. Well, they are allRead MoreOrganic Farming: Organic Food Benefits Essay1039 Words   |  5 PagesOrganic Food Benefits With the importance of leading a healthy lifestyle being abundantly clear, healthy food choices are now in the spotlight. The demand for organic foods among U.S. consumers is on the rise due to the assumption that it is a healthier and safer food choice. As a consequence of staggering amounts of greenwashing thrust upon consumers today, labels and claims of health benefits have become overwhelming and confusing. Buyers must seek the facts for nutrition and safety information

Staples Australia and Staples New Zealand

Question: Identify the component activities for an organization of your choice then evaluate the performance objectives used by each and critically examine and suggest ways in which the performance could be improved? Answer: Chosen Organization Staples Australia and Staples New Zealand are part of the worlds largest office products company and a trusted source for office solutions. The company provides products, services and expertise in the categories of office supplies, technology solutions, business furniture, print solutions, promotional marketing, kitchen supplies and facility solutions. Staples has annual sales of $25 billion, ranking second in the world in e Commerce sales. The company is headquartered at Framingham, Massachusetts with 88,000 associates worldwide operating in 26 countries. Activities or nature of business at Staples 1. A wide range of everyday business essentials providing the widest possible range of business essentials. The office products and consumables range has everything one needs including office paper, pens, stationery, shredders, binding and laminating, filing and storage, mail room supplies, toner cartridges, computer peripherals and more (Small Business 2011).2. Made it easy to choose sustainable products. Staples have over 4,000 products across all product lines that meet the classification. This classification means a supplier has met ethical sourcing requirements and the product meets one or more of the following criteria:3. Recycled content - Products that contain at least 20% recycled materials.4. Energy conservation/greenhouse benefit - Products that consume or use less energy to achieve the same results as standard comparable products and products that are able to demonstrate clear and significant energy savings in the manufacturing process. Staples Technology Solutions has everything one needs to stay connected and productive.One could get all the technology products he needs for his organization from a single provider. That is having access to dedicated technology specialists and one of the widest selections of technology products in the industry. Staples works closely with clients to choose the solutions that make sense for their organization. It is to comply with IT standards, hit sustainability goals and still stay on budget (Staples 2011). Staples assortment of technology products and services include: Everyday technology - From printers and tablets to mobile products and security items, Staples have the products one needs to stay connected and productive. Software licensing - Staples team of licensing specialists can help choose the right solution for your needs and maximize volume licensing spend (Claar, J. B., 1984). Data centre products - The products one needs to setup data centre and keep it running such as servers, storage, networking equipment and cables. Professional services - Staples strategic partners can also assist with the design and implementation of integrated solutions to leverage IT for ongoing business growth. Managed print services - Solutions to help control costs and improve performance, such as fleet assessment and management, nationwide maintenance service, installation and support programs, auto procurement of print supplies and flexible equipment leasing programs (Small Business 2011). Staples Business Furniture - With one of the largest ranges of office furniture in Australia, one can count on us to create the optimal workspace environment. Whether its office seating, desk solutions, metal filing or furniture accessories, Staples makes sure to have the product to suit your office needs. Canteen Catering - Staples has an extensive range of canteen, catering and kitchen supplies to stock boardrooms, canteens, staff kitchens, function centers, hotels and many more. Promotional Marketing - Whether one looking for a few special items for a trade show or an entire managed program, one can depend on us to provide a cost-effective solution for your organization. From graphic design, product concept and selection to development and final delivery, we take care of everything (Staples 2011). Focus of Business Staple focuses on sourcing the best quality products which are ergonomically designed, environmentally conscious and represent excellent value. Staples Brand chairs are renowned as being particularly affordable and of high quality. Majority of Staples chairs are produced in Australia, come with extensive warranties and have been accredited by the Australasian Furnishing Research and Development Institute (AFRDI). In addition, we won The Australian Business Award for Environmental Sustainability for 2012, demonstrating our ongoing commitment to reduce the companys impact on the environment (Mezirow, J. 1997). Strengths Ethics - They have trained existing associates on Staples Ethics program and its included in the induction process for new associates. They have implemented Staples Ethics program which included associates signing the Code of Ethics and related documents. They have the global companys ethics helpline, Staples Ethics Link, which serves as a 24/7 ethics resource. Associates can raise their concerns anonymously, either by phone or through our Ethics Link website, which is hosted by a third party and administered by our Global Ethics Office Community They have developed How we give guidelines, to help our communities, associates, and customers to understand and engage with us in our community giving. In 2011 associates participated in events including the Run 4 The Kids, Cerebral Palsy Challenge, Mothers Day Classic and the City to Gong Ride (Corporate Strategy 2010). Staples participated in the 2011 Choose A Charity program and will plan to continue in 2012. Environment - maintained ISO14001 certification. EMS was rolled out to the New Zealand sites in 2011. These sites were included in the Australian ISO14001 external audit, and we expect confirmation of the certification for the New Zealand sites in March (Staples, 2011). Diversity - promoted Employer of Choice for Women and initiatives in recruitment process. The sustainability issues which were considered as being the most material for Staples to address were: Ethical sourcing It is a process to ensure to the greatest degree possible that our suppliers abide by our Ethical Sourcing Policy which requires them to treat workers fairly and operate in a safe and environmentally sustainable manner. Product quality - It is a process to ensure that our products meet or exceed customers performance expectations. Employee satisfaction - It is processes to ensure associates are treated with dignity and respect, abiding by all employment laws, and supporting our associates professional development (Drucker, P. F., 1977). Sustainable procurement It is a process in which sourcing has to be recycled, non-toxic and renewable materials that are responsibly produced. Packaging - minimizing the amount of materials needed to package and distribute our products and selecting packaging materials that are better for the environment. Customer interest in sustainability - helping our customers reduces their own environmental impacts. Customer service - making it easy for customers to purchase the products and services they need at reasonable prices. Integrating Our Quality, Environment, and Safety Systems In 2012 we will develop and implement an Integrated Management System (IMS) to govern the areas of Health and Safety, Environmental Management and Quality Assurance. The IMS will allow us to simplify our current use of multiple management systems and optimize the use of our resources for maximum efficiencies. Some of the benefits of an IMS include: Provides a robust and rigorous system to reduce business risk and prioritize key issues Provides a focused systematic tool to help achieve business objectives Reduces duplication in processes and documentation while improving quality Improves clarity of regulatory obligations and compliance Greater consistency in the provision of products and services Increased operational efficiency and productivity (cost savings) Reduction in the amount of resources required to manage and implement the system Enhanced corporate awareness of system requirements Encourages associate multi-skilling Staples rely on the talents, strengths and commitment of its associates to deliver on its corporate goal to build a world-class selling organization. To help gain a comprehensive understanding of how well our associates are engaged and more importantly, the opportunities to drive further engagement, Staples launched a global Associate Engagement Survey in 2010. Staples in-house training curriculum delivered through our Organizational Development Team includes programs on management, leadership, sales, communication, personality type and customer service. Staples introduced a leading change and Train the Trainer program to support implementation of a new ERP system, a Sales Induction program and formal Ethics training. Weaknesses areas which are to be improved Effective storm water management through site drain mapping needs attention. Staples made limited progress on mapping of site drains in 2011, so this target will be maintained for 2012. Launch preliminary cultural awareness training for associates. Staples delayed our cultural awareness training until 2012 and will conduct as part of our Indigenous Employment Strategy. Reduce our Lost Time Incident Frequency Rate to 6.1. Staples reduced our Lost Time Incident Frequency Rate to 6.4. We will continue to focus on improving our safety performance. If appointed the CEO of Staples, the four Staples pillars: Ethics, Community, Environment and Diversity would be enhanced further. Strategic-management processwould be facilitated using different departments and divisions by sharing experiences and information. This new cross-functional approach to managing the Research and Development function would be a great advantage (King, K. 2000). Ways of improving performance at Staples There are many possible ways of approaching this strategy, including: 1. New geographical markets; for example exporting the product to a new country2. New product dimensions or packaging3. New distribution channels (e.g. moving from selling via retail to selling using e-commerce and mail order) Market penetration seeks to achieve four main objectives:1. Maintain or increase the market share of current products this can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resources dedicated to personal selling2. Secure dominance of growth markets3. Restructure a mature market by driving out competitors; this would require a much more aggressive promotional campaign, supported by a pricing strategy designed to make the market unattractive for competitors4. Increase usage by existing customers; for example by introducing loyalty schemes Different pricing policies to attract different customers or create new market segments Market development is a more risky strategy than market penetration because of the targeting of new markets.A successful product development strategy places the marketing emphasis on:1. Research development and innovation2. Detailed insights into customer needs (and how they change)3. Being first to market Information systems support business processes and operations will be enhanced by: 1. Recording and storing accounting records including sales data, purchase data, investment data, and payroll data. 2. Process such records into financial statements such as income statements, balance sheets, ledgers, and management reports, etc. 3. Recording and storing inventory data, work in process data, equipment repair and maintenance data, supply chain data, and other production/operations records. 4. Processing these operations records into production schedules, production controllers, inventory systems, and production monitoring systems Also to adopt a diversification strategy that is to market new products in new markets. Therefore, one has a clear idea about what to expect to gain from the strategy and an honest assessment of the risks. However, for the right balance between risk and reward, a marketing strategy of diversification can be highly rewarding. References Small Business, Inc; Developing a Strategic Plan, viewed on April 3rd, 2015 https://smallbusiness.chron.com/analytical-tools-developing-strategic-plan-4608.html Micahel, P, 1987, Compto Corporate Strategy, Harvard Business Review v.65, no.3, pp. 43-59 Staples, Inc; Soul Performance, viewed on April 3rd, 2015 https://www.staples.com/sbd/cre/marketing/australia_soul/staples-soul-performance.html Small Business, Inc; Corporate Strategy, viewed on April 3rd, 2015 https://smallbusiness.chron.com/analytical-tools-developing-strategic-plan-4608.html Staples, Inc; How We Operate, viewed on April 3rd, 2015 https://www.staples.com/sbd/cre/marketing/australia_soul/staples-soul-how-we-operate.html Grint, K., 1997, Leadership: Classical, Contemporary and Critical Approaches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mbs Portal, Inc; Self-Managed Learning, accessed on April 3rd, 2015 https://www.mbsportal.bl.uk/secure/subjareas/hrmemplyrelat/roffeypark/115747selfmanagedlearning98.pdf HR, Inc; Preparing a Learning Development, accessed on April 3rd, 2015 https://hr.per.gov.ie/files/2011/04/Guide-to-Preparing-a-Learning-and-Development-Strategy.pdf Heaacademy, Inc; Employability Enterprise, accessed on April 3rd, 2015 https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/assets/documents/tla/employability_enterprise/web0368_learning_and_employability_series2_pdp_and_employability.pdf Claar, J. B., (1984). Organizational design and extension administration. In B. E. Swanson (Ed.), Agricultural extension: A reference manual. Rome: FAO. Drucker, P. F., (1977). People and performance. New York: Harper's College Press. Mezirow, J. (1997). Transformative learning: Theory to practice. In P. Cranton (Ed.), Transformative learning in action: Insights from practice. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education. no. 74, pp. 512. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass King, K. (2000). The adult ESL experience: Facilitating perspective transformation in the classroom. Adult Basic Education, 10(2), 6989.

The Cia Essay Example For Students

The Cia Essay CIA: The Black Sheep of the US GovernmentThinking in the philosophical terms of â€Å"good† and â€Å"evil,† nothing purely â€Å"good† can survive without the slightest taint of â€Å"evil,† and vice-versa. The same standard exists for everything. Just as you cannot always succeed by being purely honest, a government cannot hold itself together without committing it’s own personal rights and wrongs. The United States of America has protected its residents well in the past, and kept the appearance of a mild innocense; well, most of it, anyway. The Covert Intelligence Agency (CIA) is mostly swamped in its wrongs, though many have not even been proven. The CIA has been this country’s â€Å"yang† to protect the populace of the USA. CIA is an agency of the Executive Branch of the United States government. It was created by the National Security Act of 1947, which also unified the three military departments (the Army, Navy and Marines) unde r a secretary of defense. It replaced the National Intelligence Authority and the Central Intelligence Group. Its purpose is to keep the U.S. government informed of foreign actions affecting our nations interests. The agency gathers political, economic, and military information about more than 150 nations and evaluates it for other U.S. government agencies. The CIA employs many foreign agents to supply intelligence about their native countries. It can also gather intelligence by listening to foreign radio and television broadcasts. Other ways include: reading foreign printed material available to the public, using aircraft with cameras, and using satellites to take pictures. We will write a custom essay on The Cia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The CIA works mostly by espionage, which is the act of spying on a country, organization, movement, or person. Using this method, the CIA evaluates and interprets information from its agents and researchers. It uses a lot of technical devices such as electronic eavesdropping equipment and also performs counterespionage. This prevents the theft of secret information and detects the presence of spies in the United States. Some think the history of espionage goes back to prehistoric times. The bible tells of Moses sending spies into Canaan. Frederick the Great of Prussia is credited with originating organized espionage. George Washingtons spies obtained intelligence and information during the Revolutionary war. The CIAs original job was primarily intelligence gathering, but when Communism started to spread, the National Security Council directed that the agency take part in political, covert, paramilitary, and economic operations. When the Korean War broke out, the CIA performed these operations, it also had additional requirements to support the combat forces. In 1950 and 1953, the CIA went through several changes. An Office of National Estimates was given the mission of projecting future developments. Overseas operations were placed in one directorate. Another directorate was in charge of all intelligence production and a third directorate included all support activities. During this period, up until 1961, the CIA was at the height of its cold war activity. It carried out continuous foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, political action, and propaganda.3 In 1955, Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a bill granting $46 million for the construction of a CIA Headquarters Building. The cornerstone of the building was laid on November 3, 1959.2 The CIA has played a big part in the U.S. controversy with Cuba. On April 17, 1961, the CIA, supported by Cuban exiles, invaded Cuba. It was known as the Bay of Pigs invasion. On the same day, the first employees moved into the completed CIA Headquarters Building. On Oct. 15, 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis began. The CIA was the organization that discovered the Soviet-made nuclear missiles in Cuba. The missiles were capable of reaching most of the United States.2 Also in 1962, the CIA had a mission in Cuba called MONGOOSE. In this mission the CIA planned to destroy a railroad yard and bridge. It also persuaded a German ball bearing manufacturer to send reject bearings to Cuba so the machines that they were used in would malfunction. It also sabotaged new busses that were ordered by Cuba for its own use. The CIA also assisted others in assassination planning against Cuban President Fidel Castro.6Cuba is not the only foreign country that the CIA has carried out missions in. In Afghanistan, the CIA responded to the 1979 Soviet invasion. The CIA operated in conjunction with China. In Chile the agency worked to prevent Allende from being elected in 1958 and 1964. Allende was elected in 1970, but the CIA worked to stop his succession of power. In El Salvador a CIA-army unit, known as Seasp ray, tried to locate guerillas by tracking radio transmissions. Also in El Salvador, the CIA helped stop people from voting multiple times, making it easy for rebels to identify voters. It also worked between 1982-1984 to stop the election of National Republican Alliance party leader Roberto Aubuissin. In Guatemala the agency assisted in the successful 1954 coup against the government of Jacob Arbenz. In Iran the CIA recovered guided missiles and patrol boats with guided missiles on them. It also ran a mission to overthrow an Iranian leader in Indonesia, PM Mossagegh.6In 1975, there were several different committees organized for the purpose of investigating the actions of the CIA. All three of the committees were only temporary. They were disestablished after they gave their final report. On May 19, 1976, the Senate established a permanent Select Committee on Intelligence to carry out the oversight of the CIA. On July 14, 1977, the House of Representatives also established a perman ent Select Committee on Intelligence. This differed from the committee that the Senate established because this committee had oversight authority over all other intelligence agencies.2 The national intelligent effort is led by the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI). The DCI oversees all of the intelligence programs. The budget for all national intelligence activities is prepared by the DCI and is presented to Congress annually. These activities are focused and intended to support tactical military forces, and are funded separately in two programs within the Department of Defense. These two programs, the Joint Military Intelligence Program and the Tactical Intelligence and Related Activities aggression falls under the Deputy Secretary of Defense. Under the DCI is the CIA Executive Director. There are four directors under the Executive Director: the Deputy Director for Operations, the Deputy Director for Intelligence, the Deputy Director for Science and Technology, and the Deputy Director for Administration. The Deputy Director for Operations (DO) is also known as the clandestine service. The DO conducts covert operations and includes an estimated 1,800 to 2,000 case officers who oversee several thousand foreign agents overseas. The Deputy Director for Intelligence collects and analyzes information provided by all directorates. This includes all intelligence from CIA officers, satellites, and the world press. His department also tries to predict events in foreign countries and provide the president with a daily briefing. The Deputy Director for Science and Technology has four specific duties. They include: producing the toys of the spy trade, such as disguises, false documents, and secret radio transmitters, analyzing satellit e photos, intercepting foreign communications, and producing state-of-the-art espionage tools. The Deputy Director for Administration provides supplies and training, launders money, conducts background checks, debugs CIA offices, and analyzes specimens from foreign leaders to determine their health. .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb , .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb .postImageUrl , .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb , .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb:hover , .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb:visited , .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb:active { border:0!important; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb:active , .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Native Americans Persuasive EssayThe CIA has had problems with double agents. A double agent is an agent who is actually working for a foreign power, usually feeding false information to his case officer.7 In 1990, a CIA team went to Berlin to go through the records of the Stasi, the former East German intelligence service. CIA officers discovered that all but a few of the Stasis East German agents had been recruited as double agents by the Communist regime in East Berlin. In 1988, a Cuban named Felix Aspillaga told the Operations Directorate that almost every one of the agents that the CIA had recruited in Cuba was actually working for the Cubans and giving wrong informat ion to the Americans. One of the more recent cases of a double agent deals with Aldrich Ames. Ames was a spy for the CIA. He had a normal income and it seemed that he lived a normal life. It looked this way from the outside, but on the inside he was really working for the Soviet KGB. He was paid a total of $1.5 million by the Soviets, for his service. He deposited some of the money in his name and some if the money in his wifes name in banks in Virginia. He sold U.S. secrets to the KGB. He also gave them the names of all of the Soviets that the CIA hired as spies of its own. His actions started in the mid 80s and he worked undetected for nine years. He and his wife were finally arrested in the spring of 1994. If convicted they would both spend life in prison. The agency has had other problems and scandals too. In 1960 a Soviet missile shot down a U.S. spy plane that was taking photos of Soviet territory. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev then canceled a summit meeting with President Dwight D. Eisenhower. During the Vietnam War, the CIA illegally spied on thousands of Americans who opposed the war. They did this by opening mail and using wiretaps and other illegal methods to get information.4 Investigations in the mid-1970s found that several CIA employees took part in the Watergate affair. The CIA has also taken a lot of heat for its many assassination attempts of five foreign leaders.1Today the CIA has many problems with its agents. It had a problem with an agent named Mark McFarlin. He knowingly allowed several shipments of cocaine enter the United States from Venezuela. In the mid-80s, agents were buying arms and shipping them back to the United States illegally and putting them up for sale. In Ghana, a CIA secretary betrayed the names of CIA agents to her lover. It cost the CIA $13 million to resettle the agents back in the United States. The CIA also had several agents betray the agency while spying in Iran.7 The latest scandal is the cover-up of papers containing information on the possible exposure of U.S. troops to chemical weapons during the Persian Gulf War. The CIA refused to talk to Gulf War veterans who have evidence of chemical agent detections and exposures. The pentagon is still looking into the investigation. They have named the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Bernard Rostker, as the Gulf Illness czar.†Besides all of the technical equipment, the CIA has one unique way of gaining intelligence. It involves the paranormal and is called Operation Stargate. The program was started in the early 1970s. It consists of Psychics. The psychics predict activity of foreign countries. The program hit its peak in the late 1970s. Since the program began, the CIA has spent $20 million employing at least 16 psy chics. Joe McMoneagle pinpointed the locations of several Soviet submarines and the exact date on which it would emerge from its hiding spot. The CIA wants to discontinue the program, saying it is no longer effective, but supporters of the program say it is beneficial and that it is correct on 20% of its predictions. During the early 1950s and into the mid 1960s there were a number of unusual activities involving the CIA, The Canadian Government, and the American Government. It was a conspiracy. No one would ever guess that it was being supported by all three groups. During this time a number of experiments involving hallucinogenic, along with what some might consider inhuman methods of psychiatry, were performed on patients. This wasnt the end ofthe story. After three decades through endless court battles, a mysterious death of one of the worlds most famous psychiatrists/doctor, and numerous investigations, The CIA endedup being the most dominant player and winner of this international, yet mysterious case. The MKultra program emerged in 1953. It dealt with drugs and counter-drugs involved in research and development. MKultra immediate inspiration came from confessions made atStalins show trials and a public confession of Cardinal Mindzenty of Hungary on February 3, 1949. He showed signs that ma de the impression of being broken down.† As a result of theses incidentsthe CIA was interested in the reason behind all this. Another factor was the Korean War. During the war, US servicemen made radio propaganda which broadcasts for The Soviets. Behind these broadcasts was the plea for an end with US involvement in the war. People were confessing to the most extraordinary charges in the communist courts. These events lead The Senior CIA Staff to suspect that The Soviets had mind control over the people. It was a time that the memory of The Nazi death camps was still in the air, and previously facing massive bombing, the best and brightest of the US Government thought that another totalitarian threat was about to emerge and they were facing new technical evils. From all this paranoia, MKultra was created. It showed that theCIA was in the context of its time, sharing the concerns of society, not removed from them These concerns were reflected in the following CIA analysis:Since the notorious Moscow trial of 1937, overt Russian judicial procedure has been noteworthy for the dramatic trials in which the defendants have exhibitedanomalous and incomprehensible behavior and confessions. Characteristics and manner of the defendants, and formulation and delivery of the confessions have been so similar in a large number of cases as to suggest factitious origin. Most noteworthy and incredible has been the recent confession of His Eminence Cardinal MINDZENTY while on trial in the Peoples Court of Hungary. The evident incongruities prompted this studyIt became apparent at the outset of the study thatthe style, context and manner of delivery of confessions were such as to be inexplicable unlessthere had been a reorganization and reorientation of the minds of the confessees. There is adequatehistorical experience to establish that basic changes in the functional organization of the humanmind cannot be brought about by the traditional methods of physical torture-these, at the most,achieve a reluctant, temporary yielding and, moreover, leave their mark upon the victim. Newer ormore subtle techniques had, therefore, to be considered . . a. Psycho surgery: a surgical separation of the frontal lobes of the brain. b. Shock method: (1) electrical (2) drug: metrazol, cannabis, indica, insulin, cocaine. c. Psychoanalytic methods: (1) psychoanalysis (2) narcoanalysis and synthesis (3) hypnoanalysis and synthesis. d. Combinations of the foregoing. For the next twenty years, under several of names, the CIA began research on controlling human behavior. The first being Project Bluebird. During WWII the military hospitals discovered that soldiers and patients intend to speak freely when they where under the influenceof anesthetics. For this reason the OSS used cannabis in their drug experiments. The first field test was performed on an underworld figure known as August Del Gracio, a member of Charles LuckyLuciano crime family in New York. He was given cigarett es heavily laced with cannabis. As he smoked, they questioned him about underworld activities. Del Gracio and the OSS were also involvedin an attempt to arrange and prepare for an invasion of Sicily, and the protection of the New York docks against enemy sabotage. Directed by Shefields Edwards (head of the CIAs Office of Security) the project goal was to determine whether a team consisting of psychiatrists, lie detector experts, hypnotists, and technicians could get better results with drugs over other means of interrogation. A month later, during the Korean War, the team worked in Tokyo to investigate four people suspected to be double agents. The results were considered to be successful. In October 1950 the team worked on captured North Koreans. When Bedell Smith became DCI, Project Bluebird goals were to develop human robots. This experiment was called Project Artichoke. It was carried out by CIAs Office of ScientificIntelligence. Its intentions were to exploit along operational lines, scientific method and knowledge that can be utilized in altering attitudes, beliefs thought process and behavior patternsof agent personnel Due to the sensitivity of the techniques carried out and substances used, this was a highly confidential project. Within a short time, there were rumors in the Dictorateof Plans about double agents that were killed in the prior MKULTRA experiments. Both projects were conducted in Germany, Far East, and the United States. In April 1953, under the direction of Allen Dulles and Richard Helms, the program began to involve biological and chemical materials. At the time, Dr. Harris Isabell was head of the drugtreatment center in Lexington, Kentucky, where he carried out numerous experiments on drug addicts. The drugs used in the experiments were supplied by the CIA. Here the testees whereinformed of what exactly was involved in the research and their consent was obtained ( no where else did this happen). At the time LSD particularly interested the agency. The longterm effect of this drug was not known. There was one case where the doctor kept seven men on LSD for 77 days. It was considered to be even too much for acid heads of the 1960s to handle! The object of the experiments conducted were to see if it was possible to control people for a long period of time, from faraway distances. The spectacle of peoples behavior being controlledin Soviet show trials indicated that the Russians had perfected such techniques The experiment wasnt usually successful because the patients that were used were previously hardened drugaddicts. So as in 1953 normal people were used. Dr. Sidney Gotlieb was currently head of TSS at the time, where he reported to Frank Wisner and Richard helms in the Dictorate of Plans. He was mainly responsible for coordinating the MKultra programs. In 1953 numerous projects under MKULTRA came into existence and were under Gotliebs authority. There was Project Chatter (1947), a navy program attempted to test an d identify truth drugs, due to the report of the amazing results obtained by the Soviets. MKNaomi (1952), was designed for the production of biological chemical weapons and substances for the agencys use. MKDelta (1952) was the procedure for governing the use of MKultra material abroad. In all there were 149 MKULTRA subprojects, 33additional subprojects that were solely funded by MKULTRA itself. The 33 additional subprojects had nothing to do with behavioral modification, toxins, or drugs. By then MKULTRA indicated how the agency was ready, willing and prepared to face the world on a different level. There was one of the subproject that was considered to be humorous, Subproject #94 involving cats, dogs, and monkeys. These animals were used as guided bombs and microphones foreavesdropping. An audio device was considered inefficient and didnt work effectively enough. They acted like cameras and would record what they saw and the results were sometimes incomprehensive. An example would be at cocktail parties where these devices would record everything. Therefore, the outcome was fuzzy. So the CIA began to invest a lot of money and time on training a cat. This cat was cut open and a microphone would be inserted in its cochlea and an antenna in its tail. At first the cat would wander off every time it got hungry, so they split the cat in half once again and wired it in order for it not to have the hunger sensation. Finally when they released it and instructed in to listen into two men talking in the park, it got ran over as it crossed the street. The CIA is not completely bad. It does a lot of good for our nation. During the Persian Gulf War, it gained intelligence for the UN forces. It gained intelligence with the help of more than 200 Iraqi foes of Saddam Hussein. The CIA helps the United States gain national economic security. It does this by spying on the economic performance of other countries. Today it is looking more at Japanese and German product designs al ong with the designs of military weapons. Some people think this kind of spying is good and others think it is wrong. In 1995, France accused the United States of gathering economic and political secrets. The CIA responded by relocating these agents. The State department called the French charges unwarranted, this is because the French have been known for their own industrial and economic espionage. .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e , .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e .postImageUrl , .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e , .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e:hover , .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e:visited , .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e:active { border:0!important; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e:active , .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Julius Ceaser: Brutus Character Analysis EssayThe CIA, despite its downfalls has constantly been helpful to the security of the United States. The information that it has gathered has benefitted us in peace as well as during war. It is a great asset to our national and economic security. It will continue to provide our nation with the intelligence it needs in the future. As long as the United States stands, the CIA will be a necessary â€Å"evil† to stabilize â€Å"pure† nature of the rest of the Government. BibliographyMagazinesMcCurdy, Dave. â€Å"Glasnost for the CIA.† Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb 1995: 125-40Smowle, Jill. â€Å"Double Agent.† Time, 7 March 1994: 28-37Vistca, Gregory. â€Å"Psychics and Spooks.† Newsweek, 11 December 1995: 50. Walcott, John and Duffy, Brian. â€Å"The CIA’s Darkest Secrets.† U.S. News World Report, 4 July 1994Waller, Douglas. â€Å"Halt! Friend or Foe?† Time, 6 March 1995: 50. Internetâ€Å"Key Events in CIA’s History.† Available http:http://www.cia.events. Venzke, Ben. â€Å"CIA.† Available http:http//alt.politics.org.cia , 1994EncyclopediaColes, Harry. â€Å"CIA.† Encyclopedia Americana. 1983 ed. Glickman, Harvey. â€Å"CIA.† World Book. 1996 ed. Kirkpatrick, Lyman. â€Å"CIA.† Encarta. 1994 ed. Wheeler, Douglas. â€Å"Espionage.† World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia. 1996 ed. History Essays